【维多利亚3 / VICTORIA 3】开发日志 #7 | 7/22 法律 （Laws）

After a couple weeks vacation, we've now returned to our usual weekly dev diary schedule! Today we will be diving deeper into Victoria's politics to talk about Laws. Legal reform in your country creates different political, economic, and social conditions for your Pops, which over time changes the fabric of your society. This change can be slow and incremental, or fast and revolutionary - sometimes literally.

放完了几周的假期后，现在我们回到了我们每周正常更新的开发日志的轨道上来了！今天我们会更加深入地探索维多利亚的政治系统，谈一谈法律Laws。你的国家中法律改革为你的人口群创造了不同的政治、经济和社会条件，随着时间推移改变着你的社会结构。这种改变可以是缓慢而渐进的，也可以是迅速而革命的——有的时候就是字面意思的革命。

There are three major categories of Laws with seven sub-categories in each, which themselves contain up to half a dozen specific Law options. As always everything here is being heavily iterated upon, including these sub-categories, so the laws you see at release will not exactly match what we're telling you here!

法律分为3个大类，每个大类中有7个子类，而每个子类最多包涵6个法律选项。像往常一样，这里的一切都正经历着大量迭代更新，包括这些子类，所以你在发布时看到的法律可能与我们在这里告诉你的完全不一样！

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Power Structure

权力结构

These Laws determine who is in control of different aspects of your country. It includes fundamental Governance Principles such as Monarchy and Parliamentary Republic, which determine who your Head of State is and what kind of powers they wield. Distribution of Power ranges from Autocracy and Oligarchy through various extensions of the voting franchise all the way to Universal Suffrage. Citizenship and Church and State Laws govern which Pops suffer legal discrimination in your country due to their culture or religion. The principles on which your Bureaucracy is run - such as hereditary or elected positions for bureaucrats - determine how expensive it is to keep track of each citizen and how much Institutions cost to run, but also directly benefit some groups over others. Conscription lets you raise a part of your civilian workforce as soldiers in times of war, and Internal Security governs how the Home Affairs anti-insurgent Institution works.

这些法律决定了由谁来控制你国家的不同方面。这包括基本的治理原则Governance Principles——例如君主制或议会共和制，这种制度将决定谁是你的国家元首及其所掌握的权力类型。权力分配Distribution of Power的范围从独裁和寡头政体，经由一系列的投票权变体，一直到普选权。公民权Citizenship与教会与国家Church and State的法律负责决定哪种人口群在你的国家因为其文化或宗教受到法律歧视。你的官僚体制Bureaucracy运行的原则——诸如世袭官僚或民选职务——决定了跟踪每一位公民的成本有多高，以及机构的运行成本有多高，而且同样会直接让一些群体比其他群体更加受益。兵役制度Conscription让你在战时从你平民劳动力中征召一部分人口成为士兵，而国内安全Internal Security决定内务部的镇反机构如何工作。

The Power Structure Laws of a typical European nation after having made a few strides towards liberalization. The numbers in green refers to the number of alternative Laws currently available to be enacted. This indicator is used throughout the UI to reveal how many options a sub-menu has without having to open it.

这是一个典型的大步迈向自由化的欧洲国家的权力结构法律。绿色数字代表了当前有多少可用的其他法律选项。这一指示器在UI中通用，标明子菜单中有多少可用选项，而无需打开它。

Economy

经济

This set of Laws define where your treasury's money comes from and how it can be spent. Your Economic System is crucial - this governs whether your country operates on principles of Mercantilism, Isolationism, or Free Trade, among others. Income Tax determines which Pops should be taxed and what range of tax burden is appropriate. No Income Tax at all is of course an option, and legislation to such effect will make some Pops both rich and happy! Poll Taxation, or levying a fixed tax per head, is another option primarily used in less industrialized societies. (There are other avenues of taxation as well, but these are the ones driven by legislation.) Finally, you can choose what form the Institutions of Colonization, Policing, Education System, and Health System will take in your country. For example, you can keep government spending under control by instituting Charity Hospitals, which have limited effect and boost the power of the clergy, or you could pass a Public Health Insurance Law which is costlier but can have a greater impact on the health of the masses.

这一系列的法律决定了你国库中的钱从哪来以及你能怎么花。你的经济体制Economic System至关重要——支配着你的国家是以重商主义、孤立主义、自由贸易还是其它原则运行。所得税Income Tax决定哪种人口群应该被征税以及税收合适的负担范围，完全没有所得税当然是一种选项，如此立法会让一些人口群又有钱又高兴！人头税Poll Taxation，或者说对每个脑袋征收的固定税，是另一种在工业化程度低的社会中主要使用的税种（还有其他征税途径，但在这里讲的都是立法驱动的）。最后，你可以选择殖民机构、警察机构、教育体制和卫生体制在你的国家中采取何种形式。例如你可以通过建立慈善医院来使政府开支维持在合理范围，这一选择效果有限，还会扩大神职人员的影响力。或者你可以通过公卫保障的法律，这更费钱，但会给群众的健康带来更大的影响。

Payroll Taxes require reasonable lower-class wages and a centralized population to pay off, but if so can form the economic basis for a budding welfare system as seen here. A tax system based on Levying might be more lucrative in countries with huge Peasant populations.

工薪税需要数目可观的下层阶级工资和集中的人口来支付，但这样就可以为处于萌芽中的福利国家体制提供经济基础。一个基于征收的税收系统可能在农业人口巨大的国家更有利可图。

Human Rights

人权

Enshrining the rights of the individual was a hallmark of the era. These Laws define how your Pops are treated and what manner of control you can enforce over their lives. Free Speech determines the degree of control you can enforce over your Interest Groups but restrictive rights throttle the spread of innovation. The Labor Rights Laws include outlawing serfdom, but extends all the way to establishing a Workplace Safety Institution to reduce the number of people literally crushed in the jaws of industry. Children's Rights and the Rights of Women have a number of effects such as shifting the Workforce/Dependent demographics, affecting Dependent income, and extending the franchise. Welfare ensures the poor and disabled in your society are taken care of. Migration Laws can be used to influence Pop migration. Slavery Laws determine the legal status of owning people in your country. More details on that subject in a future dev diary.

珍视个人权利是这个时代的标志。这些法律决定你的人口群被如何对待，以及你能对他们的生活施加什么样的控制。言论自由Free Speech决定你对利益集团的控制程度，但是实行控制性权利会扼杀创新的传播。劳工权利Labor Rights包括取缔农奴制，并且一直延伸到建立工作场所安全机构，以减少在工业机械中被夹死的人的数量。儿童权利Children's Rights和女性权利Rights of Women有许多影响，诸如改变劳动力/被抚养人的人口结构、影响被抚养人的收入，以及扩大选举权。社会福利Welfare确保穷人和残疾人得到照顾。移民制度Migration可以影响人口群的移民。奴隶制度Slavery决定你的国家拥有人民的法律地位。更多该主题的细节会在将来的开发日志中谈论。

Not a lot of concessions have been made here, but at least children may congregate freely after the factory whistle signals the end of their grueling workday.

此处作出的让步不多，但至少孩子们能在工厂哨声结束他们疲倦的工作日后聚在一起。

Laws are almost always completely independent from one another. You can create a Constitutional Monarchy with hereditary succession but Universal Suffrage, or an Autocratic Presidential Republic with a strongman leader at the top of the food chain. You can have a Secret Police and still permit fully Protected Speech.

法律几乎完全互相独立。你可以建立一个拥有世袭官僚机构且采取普选制度的君主立宪政体，或者有一位站在食物链顶端的强人领袖领导的独裁总统共和国。你可以拥有秘密警察的同时允许受到完全保护的言论自由。

Our aim is to set all countries up with the best fitting Laws compared to what they actually had in 1836. This will vary wildly between countries, and will greatly influence what sorts of conditions and strategies are available to you at the start of the game. For example, the USA starts with Total Separation of Church and State, ensuring no Pops suffer legal discrimination on account of their religion, while Sardinia-Piedmont doesn't take kindly to non-Catholic Pops. This will affect Pops who live in the country currently, but will also limit which Pops might migrate there - few Pops would make it their preference to move to a country where they're mistreated by law.

我们的目标是根据各国在1836年的实际情况，为其制定最合适的法律。这会在国家之间有很大的不同，而且将极大影响游戏开始时可用的条件与战略。例如美国在教会与国家上实行彻底分离，确保人口群不会因其宗教信仰遭到法律歧视，然而撒丁-皮埃蒙特对非天主教的人口群并不友好。这将会影响当前生活在国家的人口群，但也会限制想要移民到此处的人口群——没人想移民到会遭到法律虐待的国家。

As a result of these starting Laws Sardinia-Piedmont might have to look towards colonization or conquest if they start to run out of their native workforce, while North America is likely to get regular migration waves to help expand the frontier. By connecting these effects to starting Laws, many historically appropriate and recognizable aspects and behaviors of Victorian-era nations - such as their attractiveness to immigrants - are connected to a tangible property (e.g. poor or oppressed Pops emigrating to the USA both because of its demand for workforce and also its liberal Laws) rather than being arbitrarily encoded into the very fabric of the nation itself, the approach previous Victoria games took to encourage history in the a familiar direction.

由于这些开局的初始法律，当本土的劳动力逐渐耗尽时，萨丁尼亚-皮埃蒙特王国需要将视线转移到殖民扩张与征服上，而与之相对，北美国家却可以借助一波一波的移民潮来开疆拓土。把诸如此类的影响与开局法律联系起来，游戏中维多利亚时代国家符合历史的显著特征和行为——例如吸收移民——就都会与其具体的特质有关（例如，大量穷人或受压迫的人移民美国，是出于其对劳动力的需求与自由的法律），而不是被武断的代码来决定国家本身的结构——这是以往维多利亚游戏“模拟历史”的方式。

However, these starting Laws are far from set in stone! You might want to reform your Laws to better suit the direction your society is going - for example, you might want to transition your Bureaucracy from a system of Appointees to Elected Bureaucrats in order to more effectively provide services from Government Institutions to all your incorporated territories (or maybe just because you want to disempower the otherwise powerful Intelligentsia.) Or your country's Agrarian economy has plateaued on account of increased reliance on imports of manufactured goods, and you want to change course to the exciting opportunities provided by a Free Trade policy.

然而，这些开局的法律远非定局！你也许会想改革你的法律，以更好地适应你的社会发展方向——例如，你可能想把你的官僚体制从任命制过渡到民选制，以便让政府机构更有效地向你的核心领土提供服务（或者仅仅因为你想剥夺过大的知识分子的权力），或者你的国家的农业经济已经停滞不前，经济对工业品进口的依赖却逐步加深，你想改变方向，转向自由贸易，以提供更多的机会来刺激经济发展。

A common effect of Laws is to modify some parameter about your country, like give you more Authority or reduce certain Pops' Mortality. But Laws can also permit or disallow the use of certain actions, such as Public Schools which permit the Compulsory Primary School Law; permit the Decree to Promote Social Mobility in a certain state; and even alter the effects of other parts of your society, like boost the efficacy of your Education System Institution. Without some degree of separation between Church and State, this form of secular school system is not possible.

法律的一个常规作用是修改一些关于国家的参数，比如给你更多的权力或者降低某些人口的死亡率。但法律也可以允许或不允许某些行动的使用，例如公立学校法律允许采用义务教育小学法律，也可以颁布法令来促进某一地区的社会流动，甚至可以改变社会其他部分的效果——比如提高教育系统的机构效率。如果教会和国家之间没有某种程度分离，这种形式的世俗学校制度是不可能的。

Another reason to change Laws is because your people demand it. As we touched on in the previous dev diary, Interest Groups have Ideologies that lead them to favor some Laws over others - for example, the Industrialists have the Individualist Ideology that cause them to favor privately operated Education and Healthcare systems over publicly funded ones, to ensure best access is given to those of merit and morals (or in other words, Wealth). Reforming your current Laws to work more in accordance with your powerful Interest Groups’ Ideologies is a quick way to win their Approval, permitting you more leeway to go against their wishes in the future or as a quick pick-me-up in case their Standard of Living has recently taken a hit.

人民的需求则是改变法律的另一个原因。正如我们在上一篇开发日志中提到的，利益集团的意识形态会让他们更加倾向于一些法律——例如，工厂主Industrialists的个人主义意识形态倾向于私营而不是公有的教育和医疗体系，确保那些“有价值和道德（或者换句话说，财富）的人”得到最好的服务。改革你的现行法律并使之贴合你强大的利益集团的意识形态是赢得他们认可的捷径，让你能留有未来与他们周旋的余地，或者在他们的生活水平受到打击时拉他们一把。

The inverse is also true. Introduce a bill to abolish the Monarchy in Great Britain and see how the Landed Gentry feel about that.

反之亦然。尝试一下在英国推行废除君主制的法案，看看乡绅老爷们对此有何感想。

Even Trade Unionists have a hard time saying no to zero income taxes, but even that won't make up for restricting the vote!

即使是工会成员也很难拒绝零所得税，但即使这样也不能弥补投票权的受限！

Enacting a Law is far from an instantaneous, one-click affair. First off, any reform must be supported by at least one Interest Group in your government who can champion the change. Once the reform has begun it can be a smooth process that's over in a matter of months, or it can take years of gruelling debate in parliament or horsetrading between Interest Groups in order to pass. The amount of time it takes depends both on your government's Legitimacy in the eyes of the people, and also on the Clout of the Interest Groups in your government that supports and opposes the new Law relative to the one it's replacing. While broader coalitions of Interest Groups in government give you more options of Laws to enact, it also complicates getting them passed.

颁布一项法律远非一蹴而就的事。首先，任何改革都必须得到政府中至少一个有实力且支持改革的利益集团的支持。一旦改革开始，它可能是一场几个月内结束的平稳变革，也可能需要在议会经过数年艰苦的辩论或利益集团之间的激烈争锋才能通过。所需时间的长短既取决于政府在人民心目中的合法性Legitimacy，也取决于政府中支持和反对新法律的利益集团的影响力Clout。虽然政府中广泛的利益集团联盟带来了更多的法律可供选择，但这也使通过这些法律变得复杂。

Changing your laws isn't an entirely straightforward process in Victoria 3! In this case it's just a matter of time before the Law is enacted, but if dissenting Interest Groups had also been part of this government there would be plenty of room for Debate and Stalling tactics that could cause this reform to take more effort than it's worth.

在维多利亚3中，改变法律并不是一个直截了当的过程！在这种情况下，法律颁布只是一个时间问题，但如果反对党的利益集团也曾是本届政府的一部分，就会有足够的辩论空间和拖延战术，受此影响，改革可能得不偿失。

Let me close out here by tying all this back to the Pops. As we have touched on in past dev diaries, Pops have a Profession, collect an income, and consume goods depending on the economic preconditions you have created in your country. These material concerns in combination with a few others, such as Literacy, determine which Interest Groups they support. Other aspects, such as your country's Laws, influence how much Political Strength the Pops provide to those Interest Groups. The Interest Groups have an Approval score and favor certain Laws over others. As a result, different groups of Pops approve more or less of the society you have built depending on their economic well-being, and their demands for change is more or less intimidating depending on how many and strong they are. You may choose to placate an angry group, or further benefit an already content group for extra benefits. But in doing so, some other group will become displeased. Have you built your society resilient enough to navigate these ebbs and flows? And most importantly, which of the many, many routes will you take to move forward?

最后再把这一切和人口系统联系起来。正如我们在过去的开发日志中所提到的，人口拥有职业，拥有收入，并根据你在国内创造的经济条件来消费商品。这些物质层面的影响与其它属性（如识字率）相结合，决定了他们支持的利益集团。其他方面，如法律，影响人口为这些利益集团提供的政治力量。利益集团有自己的满意度和法律偏好。因此，不同群体的人口对你所建立的社会的认可，取决于他们获得的经济福祉，而他们对变革的要求，其威慑力取决于他们的数量和实力。你可以选择安抚一个愤怒的群体，或给已经盆满钵满的群体更多好处从而给自己牟利。但这样做，其他一些群体会感到不高兴。你的社会是否有足够的弹性来应对这些起伏？最重要的是，在众多的路线中，你会选择哪一条来前进？

That is all for me this week! In this dev diary I mentioned Institutions a number of times, and next Thursday I will be back with more details on this powerful society-shaping tool. Until then!

这就是本周的全部内容！本篇日志中我多次提及了多次“机构Institutions”，下周四我们就将讲讲这个有力塑造社会的工具。下次见！

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